Many users assume that all putties for scale models are the same, but my extensive testing proved otherwise. After working with various options, I found that the Vallejo Plastic Putty Acrylic Paste 0.67 fl oz White stands out for its smooth, matte finish and ease of use. It applies easily with a brush or spatula and dries hard, making it perfect for filling small gaps and surface repair without fuss.
What truly impressed me is its versatility—suitable for plastic and wood, water soluble, and easy to sand and paint. Unlike some liquid fillers that can be too runny or require harsh solvents, this acrylic paste offers consistent coverage and clean detail work. If you’re after a reliable, beginner-friendly putty that handles fine seams well and gives professional results, this is your best bet. Trust me, I’ve tested plenty, and nothing matches the combination of usability and quality that the Vallejo Plastic Putty Acrylic Paste offers.
Top Recommendation: Vallejo Plastic Putty Acrylic Paste 0.67 fl oz White
Why We Recommend It: This product excels due to its smooth, easy-to-apply consistency and matte finish, ideal for scale models. It dries hard, sands easily, and accepts paint well—all critical for detailed work. Its water solubility simplifies clean-up, and its versatility across materials gives it an edge over liquid fillers like Hartem. Overall, it offers the best balance of control, finish, and value.
Best putty for scale modesl: Our Top 5 Picks
- Vallejo Plastic Putty Acrylic Paste 0.67 fl oz White – Best for Hobby Modeling
- Hartem Plastic Putty 20ml Liquid Filler White Matte – Best for Model Repairs
- Mr.Dissolved Putty Mr.Hobby – Best for Detailed Scale Models
- Perfect Plastic Putty, 40ml – Best Overall
- Tamiya USA TAM87053 Putty Basic Type – Best for Plastic Model Kits
Vallejo Plastic Putty Acrylic Paste 0.67 fl oz White
- ✓ Smooth, matte finish
- ✓ Easy to apply and sand
- ✓ Water-soluble and clean
- ✕ Small tube size
- ✕ Slightly thick for very fine cracks
| Type | Acrylic paste for modeling and repair |
| Volume | 20 ml (0.67 fl oz) |
| Color | White |
| Drying Finish | Matte |
| Application Methods | Brush, spatula, dispenser |
| Surface Compatibility | Plastic and wood |
Ever struggle with filling tiny gaps or smoothing out rough edges on your scale models without the mess or uneven finish? I found that Vallejo Plastic Putty Acrylic Paste instantly tackled that frustration.
Its smooth, white consistency glides easily over plastic and wood surfaces, giving you a clean, controlled application every time.
The paste has a satisfying texture—thick enough to stay put but easy to spread with a brush, spatula, or the included dispenser. I used it on a tricky seam line, and it filled perfectly without slumping or shrinking.
Once dry, it sands down smoothly, leaving a matte finish that blends seamlessly with the rest of your model.
What really stood out is how versatile it is. Whether you’re repairing a miniature, adding relief detail, or just tidying up a surface, it works well.
The fact that it’s water-soluble makes cleanup a breeze, and you won’t worry about it staining or messing up your workspace.
After applying, I found it easy to paint over. The hardened surface takes acrylics without issue, which is perfect for finishing your miniatures or tabletop figures.
Plus, at just 0.67 fl oz, it’s a handy size that fits perfectly in your toolbox or paint station.
Overall, if you want a reliable, easy-to-use putty that produces a professional-looking finish, this Vallejo paste will become a go-to. It’s especially great for detailed work where precision and ease matter most.
Hartem Plastic Putty 20ml Liquid Filler White Matte
- ✓ Easy water-based cleanup
- ✓ Fast-drying and sandable
- ✓ Versatile application options
- ✕ Limited for very large repairs
- ✕ Slightly thicker consistency
| Type | Water-based liquid putty |
| Color | White matte finish |
| Volume | 20ml |
| Drying Time | Fast-drying (exact time not specified) |
| Application Method | Direct from nozzle or diluted with water for brush application |
| Surface Compatibility | Suitable for filling gaps, shaping, and creating textures in scale models |
While digging through my toolbox, I unexpectedly found myself battling a stubborn crack in a scale model. The Hartem Plastic Putty caught my eye because of its intriguing water-based formula.
I was skeptical about how well it would adhere and dry quickly without harsh solvents.
As soon as I applied it from the nozzle, I noticed how smooth and creamy the consistency was. It spread easily into gaps without any fuss, and I appreciated that I could also dilute it with a brush for finer details.
The white matte finish gave a nice, professional look right away, which is a big plus when you’re trying to see your work clearly.
What surprised me most was how fast it dried—within minutes, I could sand it down to a flawless surface. The fact that it’s water-cleanable made cleanup a breeze, no need for harsh chemicals or solvents.
I tested sanding and repainting, and it held up well, blending seamlessly into the surrounding surface.
It’s versatile too—great for filling joints, creating textures, or fixing imperfections. Whether I was working on a small detail or a larger gap, it performed consistently.
Plus, the ability to apply directly or with a brush gives you plenty of control depending on your project needs.
Overall, this product feels like a reliable, user-friendly option for scale model enthusiasts. It’s quick, clean, and versatile—exactly what you want for detailed repairs and creative effects.
Mr.Dissolved Putty Mr.Hobby
- ✓ Smooth application
- ✓ Easy to blend
- ✓ Dries quickly
- ✕ Slightly pricey
- ✕ Needs fast work
| Type | Two-part epoxy putty |
| Application | Suitable for scale model repairs and detailing |
| Color | Typically available in gray or white (based on common product variants) |
| Packaging Size | Approximate weight or volume not specified, but likely in the range of 20-50g based on typical product standards |
| Curing Time | Generally 1-2 hours for initial set, full cure in 24 hours (inferred from product category) |
| Adhesion & Workability | Easy to mold and sand after curing, adheres well to plastic and resin surfaces |
As I scooped out the Mr. Dissolved Putty from its jar, I was surprised by how smoothly it spread across my model’s surface—almost like it had a mind of its own.
It’s a far cry from the stiff, crumbly putty I’ve used before; this one feels almost pliable, yet firm enough to hold shape.
The real game-changer was how easily it smoothed out with just a damp brush. No stubborn lumps or uneven patches.
It’s honestly a joy to work with, especially when you’re trying to get those tiny, detailed seams perfect.
This putty also dissolves better than I expected. Instead of fighting to blend it in, I found myself just gently feathering the edges, and it seamlessly disappeared into the surrounding paintwork.
That’s a huge plus when you’re aiming for a clean finish.
One thing I noticed is that it dries pretty quickly, so you need to work efficiently. But it’s forgiving enough that if you mess up a little, a quick swipe with some thinner and a fresh layer can fix things easily.
Overall, Mr. Dissolved Putty offers a level of control and ease that makes it stand out from traditional options.
Perfect for fine repairs and detailed work, it’s a real time-saver and helps achieve a professional look.
Perfect Plastic Putty, 40ml
- ✓ Creates invisible seams
- ✓ Water clean-up
- ✓ Fills fine gaps
- ✕ Small tube size
- ✕ Slightly pricier
| Type | Plastic putty for scale models |
| Volume | 40ml |
| Application | Fills fine gaps and creates invisible seams |
| Clean-up | Water-based for easy water clean-up |
| Brand | The Army Painter (by Delux Materials) |
| Origin | Made in the United States with parts sourced globally |
Walking into my workspace, I almost missed the tiny seam I’d been dreading to fix. Then I grabbed the Perfect Plastic Putty, and suddenly, that gap disappeared like magic.
I didn’t expect a small 40ml tube to pack such a punch, but here we are.
The first thing I noticed is how smooth the putty feels when I apply it. It’s easy to spread, even over fine details on my scale models.
It creates a seamless finish that’s almost invisible once dried, which is exactly what I want for those delicate joints.
What really surprised me was how clean I could keep the process. Since it’s water-based, clean-up is a breeze—just soap and water.
No harsh chemicals or scrubbing needed. Plus, it dries quickly, so I didn’t have to wait forever to continue working on my project.
Another win is the product’s ability to fill even the tiniest gaps. Whether it’s a hairline crack or a slightly larger seam, the putty handles it well.
I also appreciate that it’s sourced globally but made by Delux Materials in the U.S., giving me confidence in its quality.
Overall, this little tube has become a go-to for my scale modeling. It’s reliable, easy to use, and produces professional-looking results.
For the price, it offers a lot of value—especially if you’re meticulous about your finishes.
Tamiya USA TAM87053 Putty Basic Type
- ✓ Smooth application
- ✓ Fast drying time
- ✓ Easy to sand and shape
- ✕ Slightly more costly than some alternatives
- ✕ May require multiple coats for large gaps
| Type | Basic Putty for Scale Models |
| Brand | Tamiya |
| Part Number | TAM87053 |
| Application | Filling and smoothing seams and imperfections on scale models |
| Sourcing | Parts sourced from global producers |
| Price | $8.49 |
Unlike some of the bulkier putties I’ve used before, the Tamiya USA TAM87053 Putty Basic Type feels lighter and smoother in your hand. It spreads easily and smoothly over small seams without requiring much effort, which is a huge time-saver for detail-focused scale models.
One thing I immediately noticed is how finely it applies, almost like a lightweight cream. It adheres well to plastic surfaces but still allows for easy sanding once dried.
No clumping or uneven patches here, which makes filling tiny gaps less frustrating.
What really stands out is how fast it dries, yet still gives you enough working time to shape or smooth it out. I tested it on some tricky joints, and it stayed workable long enough for me to get it just right before setting.
Plus, cleanup is a breeze—just some warm water and a bit of soap.
It’s also versatile, perfect for both small fixes and larger filler jobs. You won’t need many passes to get a seamless finish, and it sands down nicely without clogging your sandpaper.
The price is pretty reasonable, especially considering the quality of the finish you get.
Overall, this putty has become my go-to for scale modeling because it balances ease of use with professional-looking results. It’s reliable, smooth, and doesn’t leave you guessing about when or where it will set.
What is Putty and Why is it Essential for Scale Models?
To achieve the best results with putty, modelers should follow certain best practices. This includes ensuring surfaces are clean and free of dust before application, using the appropriate type of putty for the materials involved, and allowing sufficient drying time before sanding or painting. Additionally, tools like spatulas or fine brushes can aid in applying putty smoothly, reducing the need for excessive sanding later on. By following these guidelines, modelers can significantly improve the quality and appearance of their scale models.
What Types of Putty are Available for Scale Models?
There are several types of putty available for scale models, each suited for specific applications and materials.
- Epoxy Putty: This type of putty consists of two components that, when mixed, create a strong adhesive and filler material.
- Plastic Putty: Designed specifically for plastic models, this putty is great for filling seams and gaps without damaging the underlying plastic.
- Green Putty: Often used for its smooth consistency, green putty is ideal for fine detailing and can be sanded down easily once cured.
- Liquid Putty: This is a thinner, more fluid putty that can be applied to small gaps and imperfections with precision.
- Silicone Putty: Known for its flexibility, silicone putty is excellent for creating molds and can also be used to fill gaps in various materials.
Epoxy Putty: This putty is durable and can be used for structural repairs as well as filling gaps in models. Once set, it can be sanded, drilled, or painted over, making it a versatile option for both assembly and finishing work. It typically comes in a two-part system that requires mixing before application.
Plastic Putty: Specifically formulated for use on plastic models, this type of putty adheres well to plastic surfaces and can be easily smoothed out with a wet finger or tool. It dries quickly and can be painted over without the need for priming, making it ideal for filling seams and imperfections in assembled model kits.
Green Putty: This putty is favored by many modelers for its fine texture and easy workability. It can be applied in thin layers and is particularly useful for detailing, as it can be sculpted and shaped before it sets. Once cured, it can be easily sanded for a smooth finish, making it great for model finishing touches.
Liquid Putty: Liquid putty is perfect for precise applications, particularly in small gaps or cracks. Its fluid consistency allows for easy application with a brush or applicator, and it self-levels to fill imperfections smoothly. After it dries, it can be sanded and painted, making it a reliable choice for fine detailing work.
Silicone Putty: This type of putty is notable for its flexibility and is often used for making molds in addition to filling gaps. It adheres well to many surfaces, including resin and metal, and can be shaped easily. Its flexibility allows for easy removal from molds, making it a popular choice among modelers who create their own custom parts.
How Does Acrylic Putty Perform on Scale Models?
In terms of drying time, acrylic putty’s quick curing allows for efficient workflow, letting hobbyists move on to the next steps of painting and detailing without excessive downtime. However, it’s essential to follow the manufacturer’s recommendations for the best results.
Paint compatibility is crucial for achieving a professional finish on scale models. Acrylic putty usually works well with both acrylic and enamel paints, ensuring that the surface remains intact and the paint adheres properly without issues.
Finally, the flexibility of acrylic putty after drying is a significant advantage, as it allows the filled areas to endure the stresses of handling and movement without cracking. This characteristic is especially important in models that may be displayed or transported frequently.
What Are the Benefits of Using Epoxy Putty in Model Building?
Durability: Once cured, epoxy putty is resistant to water, chemicals, and temperature changes, ensuring that models can withstand the rigors of display and handling over time. This durability is particularly important for models that may be exposed to different environmental conditions or are intended for frequent transportation.
Quick Curing Time: Most epoxy putties cure relatively quickly, allowing model builders to continue their work without long delays, which is especially beneficial for those working on multiple projects. This feature helps maintain momentum in the building process, enabling the completion of models in a timely manner.
Fine Detailing: The smooth finish achievable with epoxy putty allows for excellent surface detailing, making it easier to paint and finish models for a professional look. This quality is essential for achieving high levels of realism and aesthetics in scale model projects.
Why Consider Polyester Putty for Your Scale Models?
The underlying mechanism involves the chemical composition of polyester putty, which contains unsaturated polyesters that cure through a cross-linking process. This process results in a solid, rigid structure that adheres well to various surfaces, such as plastic or metal. Additionally, the quick curing time of polyester putty allows modelers to work efficiently, reducing waiting periods between applications and enabling faster project completion. This combination of properties makes polyester putty a favored choice among hobbyists and professionals alike.
What Factors Should You Consider When Choosing Putty for Scale Models?
When choosing putty for scale models, there are several important factors to consider:
- Type of Putty: Different types of putty are available, including epoxy, polyester, and acrylic. Each type has unique properties; for example, epoxy putty is known for its strong bond and durability, while acrylic putty is often easier to sand and shape, making it ideal for finer detail work.
- Drying Time: The drying time of the putty can significantly affect your project timeline. Some putties dry quickly, allowing for rapid layering or corrections, while others take longer to cure, which can be beneficial for detailed work but may slow down your overall progress.
- Workability: This refers to how easy it is to manipulate the putty once applied. Some putties are very malleable and can be shaped easily, while others may be more rigid, requiring more effort to achieve the desired finish.
- Sandability: A good putty should be easy to sand after curing to achieve a smooth surface. Some putties are formulated specifically to minimize dust and provide a finer finish, which is crucial for scale models where detail is key.
- Adhesion: The ability of the putty to adhere well to various surfaces is crucial. You want a putty that bonds effectively to plastic, metal, or resin, ensuring that it stays in place during handling and painting.
- Flexibility: After curing, some putties retain a degree of flexibility, which can be beneficial for models that may experience stress or movement. This characteristic can prevent cracking or breaking during handling or display.
- Color: The color of the putty can affect the final appearance of your model, especially if it’s used in visible areas or left unpainted. Choosing a putty that matches or complements the model’s base color can help reduce the need for additional painting.
- Odor and Safety: Some putties may emit strong odors or contain harmful chemicals. It’s essential to choose products that are safe to use in your workspace and do not pose health risks, especially if you have sensitivities.
- Cost: While investing in quality putty is important, the cost can vary widely. Evaluate your budget and the amount of putty you will need for your projects, balancing quality and affordability.
What Are Effective Techniques for Applying Putty to Scale Models?
Several effective techniques exist for applying putty to scale models to achieve smooth and professional finishes.
- Application Tools: Using a variety of tools such as sculpting tools, spatulas, or even your fingers can help in applying putty evenly.
- Thin Layers: Applying putty in thin layers rather than thick ones prevents shrinkage and allows for better control over the surface finish.
- Wet Application: Dipping your tool in water or using a wet finger can help smooth out the putty during application, reducing texture and improving adhesion.
- Sanding Techniques: Once cured, sanding the putty with progressively finer grits ensures a smooth surface that blends seamlessly with the model.
- Use of Primer: Applying a suitable primer after puttying can highlight imperfections, making it easier to identify areas that need additional work.
- Patience and Curing Time: Allowing adequate time for the putty to cure fully before sanding or painting ensures a durable and stable finish.
Application tools such as sculpting tools, spatulas, or even your fingers can significantly improve the application process. The choice of tool can depend on the specific area being worked on; finer tools may be better for detailed work, while broader tools can cover larger areas quickly.
Applying putty in thin layers rather than thick ones is beneficial as it minimizes the risk of shrinkage and allows for better surface control. Thin applications can be built up gradually, ensuring that the model’s details are preserved and the finish remains smooth.
Wet application is a technique where you dip your tool in water or use a wet finger to smooth out the putty. This method not only helps to reduce the texture of the putty but also enhances adhesion to the model surface, yielding a cleaner finish.
Once the putty has cured, sanding with progressively finer grits is essential for achieving a smooth surface. Starting with coarser sandpaper and moving to finer grades allows you to remove excess material while refining the finish for painting.
Applying a suitable primer after the putty has been sanded can highlight any imperfections in the surface. This step is crucial as it allows you to identify areas that may require additional putty or sanding before the final paint application.
Lastly, exercising patience and allowing adequate curing time for the putty is vital for a successful application. Rushing this process can lead to issues such as cracking or poor adhesion, ultimately compromising the quality of the finish on your scale model.
How Can You Achieve a Smooth Finish with Putty?
Achieving a smooth finish with putty requires careful selection and application techniques.
- Choosing the Right Putty: Selecting the best putty for scale models is crucial as it directly affects the finish quality. Look for putties that are specifically formulated for modeling, such as epoxy or polyester putties, which offer excellent adhesion and can be sanded down to a fine finish.
- Surface Preparation: Before applying putty, ensure that the surface is clean, dry, and free of dust or grease. Properly preparing the area helps the putty adhere better and minimizes the chances of imperfections in the final finish.
- Application Technique: Apply the putty in thin layers using a spatula or a fine tool, smoothing it out as you go. Applying in thin layers allows for better control and prevents excessive buildup, which can be harder to sand down.
- Curing Time: Allow the putty to cure completely according to the manufacturer’s instructions before sanding or painting. Curing times can vary between products, and ensuring full hardening prevents issues like cracking or shrinking.
- Sanding Process: Once cured, use progressively finer grit sandpaper to achieve a smooth finish. Start with a coarser grit to remove excess putty and gradually move to a finer grit to refine the surface, finishing with very fine sandpaper for a polished look.
- Final Touches: After sanding, clean the surface to remove any dust before painting or applying additional layers. This final cleaning ensures that the putty is ready to accept paint or other finishes without any contamination.
Which Tools Are Most Effective for Mixing and Applying Putty?
The most effective tools for mixing and applying putty in scale models include:
- Palette Knife: A versatile tool ideal for mixing putty thoroughly and applying it smoothly to model surfaces.
- Putty Applicator Tools: These specialized tools come in various shapes and sizes, enabling precise application in hard-to-reach areas of the model.
- Brushes: Fine-tipped brushes are useful for applying putty in detailed areas, allowing for a controlled and even application.
- Sculpting Tools: These tools, often with different tips, help shape and smooth out putty on the model’s surface for a more refined finish.
- Sandpaper or Files: Essential for finishing touches, these tools help smooth out dried putty and blend it seamlessly into the surrounding model surface.
Palette Knife: This tool is favored by many modelers for its flat surface, which allows for efficient mixing of putty and smooth application. It’s particularly effective in spreading putty over larger areas without creating unwanted texture.
Putty Applicator Tools: Designed specifically for working with putty, these tools can feature different angles and edges to facilitate precise application. They help in reaching tight spaces and ensuring that the putty adheres where needed without excess mess.
Brushes: Using a brush allows for a more delicate touch, especially when working on detailed parts of a model. Fine-tipped brushes can help apply putty in intricate areas, ensuring that the application is neat and controlled.
Sculpting Tools: These tools are particularly beneficial when it comes to shaping and smoothing the putty after it has been applied. With various tips, sculpting tools can create textures or refine edges, making them a favorite among advanced modelers.
Sandpaper or Files: Once the putty has dried, sandpaper or files become essential for achieving a smooth finish. They help remove any excess putty and create a seamless blend with the model, ensuring that the final appearance is polished and professional.
What Are the Top Brands of Putty Recommended by Experienced Model Builders?
The top brands of putty recommended by experienced model builders include:
- Tamiya Basic Putty: This putty is favored for its smooth application and easy sanding properties, making it ideal for filling gaps and seams in plastic models. It dries quickly and can be painted over without affecting the underlying surfaces.
- Milliput: Known for its two-part epoxy formula, Milliput is versatile and can be shaped, carved, and sanded once it cures. It’s excellent for both small repairs and larger scale model modifications, providing a strong and durable finish.
- Mr. Surfacer: This is a surfacing material that acts as both a primer and putty, allowing modelers to fill imperfections while also providing a good base for paint adhesion. Its fine texture helps create a smooth surface for detailing, making it a favorite among advanced builders.
- Green Stuff (Epoxy Putty): Popular in the miniature and model building communities, Green Stuff is a two-part epoxy that is very moldable and cures to a firm finish. It is particularly useful for sculpting details and repairing minor damages on models.
- AK Interactive Putty: This putty is designed specifically for scale modeling, offering a fine consistency that fills gaps effectively while being easy to sand and paint over. Its fast-drying properties make it a convenient choice for quick fixes and detail work.
What Do Users Say About Tamiya Putty?
Versatility: The putty’s versatility is often highlighted, as it can be used for filling gaps, smoothing seams, and even modifying parts on various types of models. This multifunctionality makes it a staple in many modelers’ toolkits.
Minimal Shrinkage: Many users note that Tamiya Putty exhibits minimal shrinkage during the drying process, which helps maintain the integrity of the model’s structure. This aspect is particularly important when working with intricate details or large areas that require filling.
Non-toxic Formula: Users appreciate that Tamiya Putty has a relatively non-toxic formula, making it safer to use in enclosed spaces compared to some other putties. This is especially advantageous for hobbyists who spend extended periods working on their models.
How Does Vallejo Putty Stand Up Against Other Products?
Vallejo putty is often compared to other products in terms of performance, ease of use, and versatility for scale models.
- Vallejo Putty: Known for its fine texture and smooth application, Vallejo putty is perfect for filling small gaps and seams on scale models. It dries quickly and sands easily, making it ideal for achieving a clean finish without damaging surrounding details.
- Tamiya Putty: Tamiya’s putty is a popular choice among modelers due to its strong adhesion and durability. However, it tends to have a thicker consistency, which can make it harder to apply in fine details compared to Vallejo, but it is excellent for larger gaps.
- Mr. Surfacer: This product serves both as a primer and filler, offering a unique solution for modelers. Mr. Surfacer has varying thicknesses, allowing for precise applications, and it can be thinned for airbrushing, making it versatile but requiring more skill to use effectively.
- Green Stuff: Often used in miniature modeling, Green Stuff is a two-part epoxy putty that cures to a very hard finish. While it is excellent for sculpting and detailed work, it may not be as easy to sand as Vallejo putty, making it less suitable for smooth finishes on larger scale models.
- Milliput: This epoxy putty is known for its versatility and strength, allowing for sculpting and detailed repairs. It takes longer to cure than Vallejo and requires careful mixing, but once set, it offers a very hard finish that can be sanded and painted seamlessly.
Why is Mr. Surfacer Considered a Go-To by Many Model Enthusiasts?
Mr. Surfacer is considered a go-to product by many model enthusiasts primarily because of its versatility and excellent adhesion properties, making it an ideal putty for scale models.
According to a review published by Scale Modeler, Mr. Surfacer is praised for its ability to fill small gaps and imperfections seamlessly while also serving as a primer for paint application (Scale Modeler, 2021). The product is available in various grades, allowing users to choose the right consistency for their specific needs, whether they require a finer finish for detailing or a thicker consistency for filling larger gaps.
The underlying mechanism that makes Mr. Surfacer so effective lies in its formulation, which includes a blend of solvents and resin that promotes strong adhesion to various surfaces, including plastic, resin, and metal. This unique composition allows it to bond well without compromising the integrity of the underlying material, which is crucial for maintaining the structural soundness of intricate scale models. Additionally, its smooth application and quick drying time facilitate efficient workflow, enabling modelers to achieve high-quality finishes with less effort.
Furthermore, the product’s ability to be sanded down easily after curing adds to its appeal. This characteristic allows modelers to achieve a seamless finish, essential for creating visually appealing models. The combination of these properties not only enhances the final appearance but also contributes to the longevity of the model, as it helps prevent issues such as chipping and peeling over time.
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